![]() ![]() ![]() This lead some scientists to establish diagnostic criteria for the sepsis syndrome – claiming specific medical symptoms and known cause of infection are central for diagnosis ( Bone et al., 1989). Before the 90s, the majority of septic patients who presented at the clinic showed gram-negative organisms in their blood ( Polat et al., 2017). Now we know that sepsis is a highly heterogenous disease both in terms of its cause and its progression. that colonizes and causes infection of the upper respiratory tracts was the most commonly associated infection in sepsis ( Rangel-Frausto, 1999 Mayr et al., 2014). However, subsequent studies showed that Pseudomonas sp. In the past, it was believed that the primary source of infection originated solely from the gut microbiota ( Friedman et al., 1998). In the United States alone, costs associated with this disease can exceed $16 billion dollars, as most patients admitted to ICU require mechanical ventilation to stay alive ( Angus et al., 2001).ĭespite the heavy cost of sepsis, the etiology of the disease continues to be enigmatic. ![]() In addition, every year one million deaths of newborns are due to maternal/neonatal sepsis ( Vogel, 2017). The disease predominantly affects low- to middle-income countries and is responsible for an estimated six million deaths ( Fleischmann et al., 2016). Although difficult to discern the absolute global burden of the disease, it is estimated that thirty million people are affected each year ( Reinhart et al., 2013). Infection leading to sepsis continues to be one of the biggest health problems world-wide. In this review we put forth an argument for a proper understanding of the molecular basis of inflammation as well as apoptosis for developing an effective therapy.Įarly medical records have documented infectious diseases in humans as far back as 1000 BC, and yet, pathogenic infection remains as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality ( Ruffer and Ferguson, 1911 Cossart, 2014). Recently, the focus has been shifting to understand immune paralysis (caused by apoptosis and by anti-inflammatory cytokines) to develop therapeutic drugs. This was despite most deaths occurring during the immune paralysis stage of this biphasic disease. The initial attempts on drug development mainly focused on controlling inflammation, however, without any tangible outcome. The patient outcome is determined by a complex interplay between the pro and anti-inflammatory responses of the body i.e., a homeostatic balance between these two competing events to be achieved for the patient’s recovery. Sepsis is one of the leading causes of deaths world-wide and yet there are no therapies available other than ICU treatment. Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.Christina Nedeva Joseph Menassa Hamsa Puthalakath * ![]()
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